The Polish healthcare system is in a state of competence crisis, the source of which is a systemic shortage of human resources. This paper attempts to analyze the causes and effects of this phenomenon in the context of demographic, structural and organizational changes in the years 2014-2024. Based on current statistical data, reports of national and international institutions and a review of the subject literature, a deficit of medical personnel was demonstrated, which leads to overloading of existing staff. Staff shortages not only reduce the quality of services provided, but also generate systemic risk, negatively affecting patient safety and the efficiency of health care units. The insufficient level of human resources management and the lack of a long-term HR policy were also indicated as significant factors perpetuating the crisis. The paper ends with recommendations regarding necessary systemic actions, including strengthening the strategy for educating, retaining and developing the competences of health care workers.